How Altruism Can Prevail in an Evolutionary Environment

 Theodore C. Bergstrom and Oded Stark
 The American Economic Review, Vol. 83, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings
  (May, 1993), pp. 149-155.

Abstract
 This paper considers a series of examples in which evolution supports cooperative behavior in single-shot prisoners'  dilemma. Examples include genetic inheritance for asexual siblings and for sexual diploid siblings. We also study two models of ``cultural  inheritance''; one in which siblings copy either their parents or  an extrafamilial role model and one in which neighbors arrayed along a circular road copy successful neighbors. Finally, we consider a model in which parents choose their behavior, realizing that it may be imitated by their children. A unifying principle of  these models is that cooperative behavior more is likely to be sustained in environments where relatively successful organisms  are copied relatively often and  where organisms that have the same role model are more likely to interact with each other than with a randomly selected member of the population.

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